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Facing Challenges What Would Shoemaker Do - 275 Words

Facing Challenges: What Would Shoemaker Do? (Case Study Sample) Content: FACING CHALLENGESSTUDENT NAMEINSTRUCTOR NAMECOURSE TITLEDATE SUBMITTEDFACING CHALLENGESMr. David Shoemaker was appointed the new CEO of the NBA China and he was mandated with the task of overseeing the basketball and the business development in great China. When NBA China started in 2008 it was quite successful until the year 2010 when some challenges started to occur that Mr. Shoemaker needs to face them. Social network services took over the industry and changed the way the fans viewed the sport. Originally the business was making money from franchises but online businesses took over. This continued over a period of time and the Chinese fans were no longer satiated by the sport. The only great player from China to play was Yao Ming and after he retired no prominent players came up from Great China. The CEO Mr. Shoemaker needs to come up with strategies that will ensure success to NBA China.The league that is in China is the Chinese Basketball Association. The Chines e are known as the best in sports among the Asian community. NBA China has tried to cultivate more fans into watching the NBA China games. Most of the fans tend to enjoy watching the broadcasted matches that are displayed in the television. NBA China tries to recruit more fans than the players that love the NBA (Peng, 1997). The CBA being a local league would pose a major challenge to NBA China in setting up the league. The CEO Mr. Shoemaker did not see the local league as an obstacle to NBA China because he saw that if the fans were watching basketball it would benefit both leagues. The NBA China faced major challenges with the franchise stores. Initially China offered the largest market for the overseas market.Mr. Shoemaker needs to address the cultural difference between China and the United States that is the parent for the NBA. When launching the product in China the majority of the staff that were used were expatriates who were to oversee the success of the NBA China. Expatria tes have been used in the international market in top management positions as most firms want control by using workers from the parent company. Research shows that it costs the firm three to four times using an expatriate than hiring an individual in the home country. In spite of this fact most multinational use them since they offer more to the company through the experiences they have with the parent company as compared to the local managers. The expatriates though face a lot of challenges in the foreign countries that may make them fail to work effectively. Research findings show that failure rates of expatriates is very high estimated to be 20% to 50% depending on the country. The following are the common challenges that the expatriates face in foreign countries: 1 Family stress 2 Cultural inflexibility 3 Emotional immaturity 4 Responsibility overload 5 Physical breakdownWhen expatriates managers are posted in a different country they have pressure to perform and may spend a lot of time working. This leads to family stress as the spouses do not get to spend time together. The spouse that is left out becomes lonely as the link family and friends is cut when they move to a foreign country. The spouse may also find it difficult to find employment in the foreign market and this may damage their career. The spouse may also fail to adapt to the different culture and be unhappy. This leads to tension within the marriage leading to even divorce. The expatriate managers may be appalled by the deep cultural differences to the country they have been posted. The expatriates finds it difficult to control their staff as the methods that are used in the home country will not work in the foreign country and research has been done to prove this concept. The expatriates needs to learn the different cultures that are found and develop a tactic that may work to control the staff. The expatriates hold local management positions but on being posted in foreign countries they ho ld top executive positions. This positions require people with emotional maturity for one to be responsible to the duties. The expatriates now have more people reporting to them in the foreign countries and meet top officials in government. Their social status increases in the foreign country and this may attract local females (Fishman, 2005). The combination of expanded responsibility and social status may lead to one destroying their career or marriages when one lacks emotional maturity. Some of the expatriates find it difficult to cope with responsibility overload. In the parent country they usually manage a few workers but in the foreign countries the number exponentially increases. The pressure to perform in the foreign country usually makes expatriates to work more hours in the office. Their family is adjusting to their new environment. The expatriates experience physical exhaustion and the elevated stress from work may lead to physical breakdown.The CEO Mr. Brooke needs to ad dress the challenges that the staff face in NBA China through carrying out training exercises. The training and development exercises will assist the staff to adapt to the Chinese culture which is foreign to the American culture. The expatriate managers going to be posted in China require training before they start working (Xie, Huang, 2010). There are two methods that are commonly employed when training the expatriates and they include the cognitive and behavioral methods. Cognitive methods are based on theory where the expatriates are given guidelines and rules either verbal or in written form. The following are some of the cognitive methods used in training: 1 Discussions 2 Lectures 3 Computer based training 4 DemonstrationsDiscussions are done between the expatriates and the trainer by brainstorming ideas and it is the responsibility of the expatriate to keep the discussion to be ongoing. Lectures is an approach with minimum interaction where information is conveyed from the tra iner to the expatriate. The computer based training can be either the best or worst method of training expatriates as some may be easily distracted. Demonstrations is whereby the expatriates are shown what to do and how to do it.The behavioral methods that are used are interactive, creative and incorporate open-mildness. The following are examples that are used for behavioral training: 1 Behavior modelling 2 Case studies 3 Business games 4 Role playingBehavior modelling focuses on observation of typical employees on how they behave in a given situation. Case studies is where real life situations are examined and discussed .It has trait...

Outcome of The Scopes Monkey Trial Essay - 1562 Words

The Scopes Trial, formally known as The State of Tennessee vs. Scopes but given the nickname â€Å"The Monkey Trial†, has been credited as starting the popular legal dispute between evolution and creationism in the court, and its impact in the 20’s was immeasurable. The interpretation of the case is just as popular, if not more, than the actual result of the case. The worldwide attention and media coverage the case received produced many opinions. Scholar’s opinions range from describing the case as an irrelevancy and a good show to describing it as a â€Å"Watershed in American religious history† (Ronald L. Numbers, 1998, p. 76). A large factor in why the Scopes trial has received so much attention in an insignificant town is because of the stage†¦show more content†¦Even though many southern states frowned upon teaching evolution because of Creationism being highly influential, Tennessee took the matter up a notch when they were the first state to make the teaching of Evolution a punishable crime. Evolution was like an evil spirit in Tennessee, no one wanted to be associated with it, have it taught in public schools, and especially never be compared to a monkey. This strong opposition against Evolution makes Tennessee an interesting battleground for Creationism and Evolution. The first step of the battle was for the Butler Act to find its opponent. What ended up happening was something that was unknown to the public; Leaders from Dayton, a small town in Tennessee, were conspiring to violate the Butler Act. â€Å"Civil leaders of Dayton saw an opportunity to benefit the town by increasing its visibility through publicity† (Singham, 2009, p. 23). The idea was first considered in Dayton by George Rappleyea, a businessman who owned multiple mines around Dayton. Rappleyea, along with a few connections in the county school council and city prosecutors, were looking for someone to charge with violating the Butler Act (Sing ham, 2009). They soon found their candidate, John T. Scopes. Scopes was a substitute biology teacher who was somehow intertwined with Rappleyea’s plans. Scopes agreed to be accused of violating the law mainly because he did not have much to lose career wise, and was not a permanent resident ofShow MoreRelated Evolution in the School System Essay1664 Words   |  7 Pages It first came to the public’s attention in 1925 during the legendary trial Scopes v. State of Tennessee., also known as the Scope’s Monkey Trial. During that time, a young science teacher from Tennessee was on trial for teaching evolution in his classroom despite the state’s constitution stating that only creationism be taught. After much debate and deliberation, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of John Scopes, giving teachers throughout the state the freedom to openly teach evolutionRead MoreA Research Study On Nutrition And Treatment Of Blood Glucose1621 Words   |  7 Pagesmonito red by the FDA for any possible unknown safety concerns, negative side effects, and/or potential unsafe drug interactions. In figure 1, the timeline only represents clinical trial research and development. In some cases basic research â€Å"bench† studies could take decades and may never even result in a clinical trial or ending up â€Å"beside†. Figure 1. Timeline of Clinical trail research and development. From Public Health News Ethical dilemmas can present themselves and consideration ofRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Human Race1681 Words   |  7 Pagestheir main ideas disregard the other making them ultimately incompatible. Throughout history this conflict has been proven through, Galileo’s sentence of house arrest in 1632 over his claim of a sun-centered solar system, to the more recent Scopes â€Å"Monkey Trial,† in 1925; that lead to the great debate between Darrow and Jennings Bryan over the teaching of evolution in schools,†(Coyne beginning). Not all religions primarily focus on the dismissing of scientific notions of truth and the oppositionRead More Creationism vs. Evolution Essays1663 Words   |  7 Pagesover a long period of time, from lower primates. He is also famous for the concept that coined the phrase â€Å"survival of the fittest.† Darwin’s evolutionary theory of life on earth argues that present day creatures that roam the earth are the outcome of billions of years in adaptations to constantly changing environments. Evolution is the idea that while organisms exhibit certain traits, they are not fixed and are able to be altered through progressive adaptation. Adaptation occurs throughRead More10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America Research Paper2482 Words   |  10 Pagesin world history. ‘Neither the Crusades nor Alexander’s expeditions to India (all things considered) can equal this emigration to California,’ wrote one forty-niner.† (Gillon, n.d.) Despite dramatic changes that occurred due to the Gold Rush, one outcome of the Gold Rush –California’s constitution– significantly instigated even more remarkable change, especially when considering how long each actually took to complete. October 13, 1849: The signing of Californias Constitution After the explosionRead More Judicial power Essay3280 Words   |  14 Pagesparty invoking federal jurisdiction must establish and measure up to each of these three requirements. The obsticles to abtaining standing don’t end here. The prohibition of third party standing asserts that third parties, with an interest in a cases outcome, may not file on behalf of the offended. The prohibition of generalized grievances holds that a plaintiff cannot sue as a tax payer on the grounds of grievances shared by all tax payers. In Frothingham v. Mellon (1923) the court holds that a federalRead MoreModule4StudyGuideNotes Essay2902 Words   |  12 Pagesanti-radical division of the Bureau of Investigation. Most were arrested without warrant and held without charge, in violation of the Constitution. How does what happened to Sacco and Vanzetti show what life was like during the Red Scare? They had no trial and were immediatley convicted without question. Sentenced to death What was â€Å"normalcy† and why were Americans in favor of it? as the prevailing political sentiment in the United States. And for many Americans normalcy meant turning away from distantRead MoreTime Management1901 Words   |  8 Pagesworld – research paper outline Kaynnera T. Capers Organizational Management Time Management in the Business World It is true that the majority of the time, people learn to manage their time the proverbial hard way (i.e. working late at night, trial and error, barely meeting deadlines, etc.). The definition of time management can be stated to be the process of both controlling and understanding the time spent on a variety of activities. Time management is by and large affected by a variety ofRead MoreDiffering Rates of Evolutionary Change and Common Misconceptions2030 Words   |  9 Pagesspeciation only take place over many thousands of generations? Speciation - even adaptation for that matter - cannot be viewed in this microcosmic scope. For the purpose of this paper, speciation will be defined as the elimination of any potentiality for interbreeding among members of non-conspecific groups (Daly amp; Wilson, p70). Adaptation arises by the trial and error of novel traits - traits that tend to be neutral or deleterious - in a relatively stable environment (Harter, 1999). Since neitherRead MoreTh e Mechanical Characteristics Of Soft Tissue2254 Words   |  10 Pagesbecame highly nonlinear after 15% strain was applied, a conclusion affirmed by Krouskop et al. (1998) on actual human samples. 75 Furthermore, a study showed that animal tissues reveal their nonlinear characteristics after 10% strain, the same as the outcome noted by Chen et al. (1996) on bovine muscle and liver. In addition, muscle tissue was shown to be more nonlinear than liver tissue (Chen et al., 1996). The presented work primarily focused on the pattern analysis and relative stiffness difference

Person - Health - and Wellbeing of Mary

Question: Discuss about Person, Health, and Wellbeing of Marythe . Answer: Introduction In Australia, the NHS report of the year 2012 pointed out that cancer is amongst the dread diseases in the region (Steward and Wild, 2014). The report was supported by documented statistics in liaison with the WHO: that more than 40% of Australian citizens are at risk to be diagnosed with cancer. Early stage cancer refers to the first three phases of cancer namely stage I, II, and III (Sikov et al., 2014). That said, Mary is a 25-year-old mother of twins aged eight months and a wife to Sam, a military official in the air force: she is diagnosed with early stage cancer. As such, the ideas in this paper seek to illustrate the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses that Mary is likely to experience. Notably, the paper will set a discussion on the risk and protective factors relevant to Mary's situation. Further, the article will sum up the ideas concerning the thesis statement as shown below. Emotional responses and risk factors Psychological factors are all interconnected that is to say that understanding emotional status of Mary paves the way for analysis of cognitive and behavioral responses (Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi, 2014). In combating any chronic disease, a health professional is encouraged to train the brain of the patient to change the mind. That is to say that for the relevant medical practitioner in charge of treating Mary s/he will be forced to orientate her first through guiding and counseling. Also, another key thing to remember is that when Mary adapts well to the treatment patterns the maladaptive nature is which alludes to mental disorder has zero chances of occurring (Moran et al., 2014). However, the opposite will foster mental destabilization as her feelings will have been altered by stress. Stress will be from the social, economic, and medical factors. Socially Mary is said to be a lone ranger who has limited contact with the husband and her family. Again, economically, Mary is outwe ighed by the burden of raising the twins without as she is unemployed. As a result, Mary is subjected to stress which in turn affects her medication and her child rearing practices. A report by the WHO on breast cancer in Brazil indicated that many women who sought medical attention during their early stages of cancer recorded higher chances of withdrawal from the symptom (DeSantis et al., 2014). The idea is supported by the fact that treatment changes the mindset of a patient. Also, a study by the NMBA indicated that cognitive impairment is high in women diagnosed with breast cancer due to the shock associated with the diagnosis of the condition and to a greater extent the type of care a patient receives (DeSantis et al., 2014. The two factors: socially isolated from the husband and family, risk altering the cognitive ability of Mary regarding attention and concentration and child-rearing ability. According to Moran et al., 2014 is of the opinion that short-term memory and cognitive impairment is of significance value in describing patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Likewise, Stewart and Wild, 2014 posits that apart from cognitive impairment, verbal memory loss and reduced gender roles are characteristics of patients diagnosed with breast cancer: the underlying reason alludes to the whole idea of procedural processes associated with treatment and the degree of care and support offered to the patient. Behavioral responses and risk factors Establishment of the Adjuvant Psychological Therapy abbreviated as ATP sets a platform upon which medical practitioners assess the causal agent of cancer and the possible ways to treat the four different stages of cancer (Ciatto et al., 2013). Having discussed the emotional and cognitive responses of Mary towards the diagnosis, evaluating the ATP fosters understanding of the cognitive behavior therapy as a guide to relate to the psychological morbidity experienced by Mary. Through the application of the CBT, the NMBA reported that fatigue is a behavioral characteristic presented with patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Moreover, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality abbreviated as AHRQ explained that fatigue in patients diagnosed with breast cancer is different from fatigue experienced by patients without history cancer: the fatigue is said to recur even after resting. Anderson et al., 2014 are of the opinion that cancer creates awareness to the masses that life is short hence triggering the urge to complete a lot of things before their time elapse. For instance, when Mary is made aware of her current early stage cancer she feels she has limited time on planet: because even those who have survived are greatly changed in behavior. At times it is recorded that such patients resort to cutting of relationships with their couples. Also, Anderson et al., 2014 stipulates that the behavioral response is a stage that occurs after the mind is affected: that after emotional and cognitive responses are maladaptive. Additionally, pain may occur before treatment and after treatment. As such, the NHS explained how pain could lead to fatigue. Notably, fear is another behavioral trait presented with such patients. The model is clearly explained when Mary seeks medical attention with the use of chemotherapy. Protective factors for emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses Having said that, the protective factors in tandem with the emotional responses exhibited by Mary include but are not limited to being offered emotional coaching by the health care staff at the military base and receiving emotional support from her family members: that is they pay her visits and offer the company. Fear is also a great challenge bearing in mind the current trends in the medical field rendering cancer a dread disease. Moreover, the emotional imbalance leads to anger where the patient gets angry with everyone she comes in contact with. Also, sadness is an emotional trait likely to be experienced hence the depressed nature. Therefore it is rendered important to have consolidated framework for implementation of nursing interventions to help Mary get stable emotionally. However, a protective measure regarding cognitive impairment with Mary is that being a wife to a military official renders her the chances to access full insurance cover to cater for the hospital bills. Furthermore, the protective response in line with the behavioral response is the availability of family support and attending guiding and counseling classes to overcome some of the stereotypes such as chemotherapy and surgery being harmful practices. Conclusion To that end, the paper finds meaning in setting a discussion on the possible cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses that Mary is likely to present. Also, throughout the discussion, it is noted that analysis of one psychological factor leads to the evaluation of another risk factor. For instance, when assessing the emotional status of Mary one is bound to understand what is her level of concentration when caring for the kids and performing other household chores. Also, the physical characteristics will be viewed regarding the emotional state of Mary. As such, it is possible to discern that cancer cannot be treated, but it can be contained. Reference Anderson, K. N., Schwab, R. B., Martinez, M. E. (2014). Reproductive risk factors and breast cancer subtypes: a review of the literature. Breast cancer research and treatment, 144(1), 1-10. Ciatto, S., Houssami, N., Bernardi, D., Caumo, F., Pellegrini, M., Brunelli, S., ... Montemezzi, S. (2013). Integration of 3D digital mammography with tomosynthesis for population breast-cancer screening (STORM): a prospective comparison study. The lancet oncology, 14(7), 583-589. DeSantis, C. E., Lin, C. C., Mariotto, A. B., Siegel, R. L., Stein, K. D., Kramer, J. L., ... Jemal, A. (2014). Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2014. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 64(4), 252-271. DeSantis, C., Ma, J., Bryan, L., Jemal, A. (2014). Breast cancer statistics, 2013. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 64(1), 52-62. Moran, M. S., Schnitt, S. J., Giuliano, A. E., Harris, J. R., Khan, S. A., Horton, J., ... Johnson, P. L. (2014). Society of Surgical OncologyAmerican Society for Radiation Oncology Consensus guideline on margins for breast-conserving surgery with whole-breast irradiation in stages I and II invasive breast cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 88(3), 553-564. Seligman, M. E., Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction (pp. 279-298). Springer Netherlands. Sikov, W. M., Berry, D. A., Perou, C. M., Singh, B., Cirrincione, C. T., Tolaney, S. M., ... Golshan, M. (2014). The impact of the addition of carboplatin and bevacizumab to neoadjuvant once-per-week paclitaxel followed by dose-dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide on pathologic complete response rates in stage II to III triple-negative breast cancer: CALGB 40603 (Alliance). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 33(1), 13-21. Stewart, B. W. K. P., Wild, C. P. (2014). World cancer report 2014.

Religious Tolerance in Ottoman Empire

In the Ottoman Empire, there was religious tolerance because religion played a critical role in enhancing peace and stability. Religious leaders were respected because they were depended upon during calamities and disasters. Moreover, religious leaders had a big role to play in ensuring that people lived in harmony.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religious Tolerance in Ottoman Empire specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Religious tolerance in the Ottoman Empire could not be compared to religious tolerance in the Roman Empire because diversity was not allowed in the Roman Empire. Non-Muslims, often referred to as dhimmis, were allowed to practice their forms of religions, but under close supervision. Christians were allowed to exist freely, as long as they accepted the fact that Islam was the supreme religion in the empire. In matters related to religion, the Ottoman Empire formulated policies that favored freedom of religion. This was because the clergy had the role to play in the running and management of public affairs. Religion was treated as an institution of government with powers to execute governmental policies. In this regard, the government formulated a number of policies aimed at regulating the performance of religious organizations. The empire had strong relationships with other empires that respected religious institutions, such as the Greek Orthodox Church (Karpat 78). Religious tolerance in the Ottoman Empire was very important in two major ways. One is that the empire was surrounded by states that practiced Christianity. In fact, it was the only state, which practiced Islam as its major religion in Europe. The neighboring states embraced Christianity meaning that it could have lost its status in case it proscribed other religions. For instance, the neighboring states, such as Greece, never tolerated Islam. It could be disastrous in case the state neglected the rights of other re ligious groups supported by major powers in Europe. To avoid political inconsistencies, the state allowed other religious groups to exercise their rights. Moreover, the state had an ambition of expanding to other regions. This ambition could not have been achieved in case religious tolerance was not adopted.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It became easy to conquer other states because conquered states could be allowed to practice their cultural beliefs. Many kingdoms and chiefdoms resisted foreign powers because they interfere with their cultural rights and freedom. By embracing religious tolerance, the empire negotiated easily with other foreign powers on matters related to cooperation and security. The millet system refers to the system of governance in which minorities are given powers to conduct their activities without interference from dominant groups. Arabs in the Ott oman Empire introduced the system after the adoption of Islamic religion. Before the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, the millet system was used to cater for the needs of the poor in society. The government would provide basic needs such as food to the needy. In the Ottoman Empire, minor religious groups were given a set of norms that would control their behavior in the empire. Their existence in society was recognized legally because they were allowed to worship their gods without interference. Under the millet system, the majority was viewed as the mainstream while the minority was expected to conform to the norms and regulations of the majority. Christians and other minority groups were supposed to follow the Islamic laws, by appreciating the fact that Islam was the main religion in the Ottoman Empire. In this case, Christians and other minorities were not supposed to act in a way that would compromise the belief system of Muslims. Individual millets in the Ottoman Empire wer e taken care of by their local leaders. The millets lived in groups and could form their own states within the larger empire. They could be allowed to establish their own taxation system. However, their agencies could only be functional after receiving approval from the Ottoman Empire officials. Moreover, the millets could have their own set of laws, which could only apply within their boundaries. In case of an inconsistency with non-millets, Islamic laws could be invoked (Imber 12).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religious Tolerance in Ottoman Empire specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Millets were left to enjoy their rights, but they were supposed to show loyalty by paying taxes to the main government. The millet system applied to the confessional communities only. Each community could come with its own laws, as long as the laws were not contradictory to the laws of the Ottoman Empire. In the current internation al system, the word nation is used to mean the same thing as the millet. Each person was supposed to respect the laws of his community under the millet system. The system was very effective, though a number of European states opposed it. Millet system is used by various countries, including Israel, to solve issues related to religion and culture. The millet system is used mainly because of cultural diversity among the Israeli populace. Israel is a state that was established in 1948 under the supervision of United Nations. Its population has a diverse culture, which makes it difficult for the government to use a single set of rules. The application of the millet system is aimed at enhancing Jewish identify. Moreover, the country cannot afford to apply Jewish laws to all people because it would risk being isolated by other states. Therefore, the state allows various groups to apply their private laws to resolve internal conflicts. Scholars observe that legal pluralism (millet system) in Israel has not been successful. Under the millet system, the Israeli government gives various groups the power to establish courts that would resolve issues related to the family and marriage. Moreover, each group is given the power to establish its own religious court, which is charged with the responsibility of resolving issues related to faith.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, groups can only endorse marriages that their cultures support. In the Islamic culture, Muslim men can marry Christian women, but a Muslim woman cannot marry a Christian man because it is against the Arabic culture. In matters related to divorce, each religion has its laws and regulations. The millet system allows each group to apply the set of laws that are recognized culturally. In the Israeli society, a Muslim should not marry a Jewish because it is unconstitutional (Turchin 14). This rule is in the constitution implying that the millet system cannot be used in such cases. In some parts of France, the millet system is applied effectively. For instance, women are expected to wear hijab while men are expected to keep long hair. In such regions, there are tight laws regarding the sale of certain commodities. For instance, alcohol is not sold to certain age groups while pork is prohibited. Moreover, there is a public order regulating the licensing of clubs, cinemas, and theaters. Social places are termed places of sin because they do not conform to the provisions of the Islamic religion. In the Ottoman Empire, the regime tolerated religious diversity because of the factors discussed in the previous sections. However, religious tolerance was weak because it favored one religious group. The political elites observed that Islam was the supreme religion and other religious groups had to obey it. This was unacceptable because favoring one religious denomination amounted to discrimination. Religious toleration emerged from Islamic teachings, not the constitution. This meant that Islam would be applied in interpreting major religious issues. For instance, it was against religious codes to practice homosexuality and abortion because Islam was against it. Moreover, Islam never allowed Muslims to interact with other groups socially. Religious tolerance in the empire was weak because Muslims were not allowed to convert to other religious denominations. Moreov er, leadership was supposed to be offered by religious leaders from Islamic religion only. In public places, all non- Muslims were expected to wear clothes that would distinguish them from Muslims. In fact, no-Muslims were restricted from participating in key political processes such as voting and applying for senior positions in government. Other religious groupings were supposed to pay a special tax referred to as jizya. This was a tax paid by all non-Muslims for them to be allowed to practice their cultures peacefully. In other words, non-Muslims were allowed to buy their freedom, unlike Muslims who could be allowed to exercise their freedom without restriction. All adults living in the Islamic states were supposed to pay taxes as a sign of loyalty to the government. Christians who never showed loyalty to Islam were often persecuted and oppressed. Ottoman tolerance was based on goodwill and cleverness because it only benefited Turkish Muslims. Works Cited Imber, Colin. The Ottoma n Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Print. Karpat, Kemal. The Ottoman state and its place in world history. Leiden: Brill, 1974. Print. Turchin, Thomas, and J. Adams. â€Å"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires†. Journal of World-Systems Research 12.2 (2006): 219–229. Print. This essay on Religious Tolerance in Ottoman Empire was written and submitted by user Logan Chan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Phases of Preclinical Trials in Drug Development

Phases of Preclinical Trials in Drug Development Introduction The developments of drugs often undergo various processes before being introduced into the market. One of the processes is the preclinical trials. Preclinical trials are conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of the drug on the treatment of the targeted disease (Mulay, 2001). According to the procedures and regulations governing drug development, preclinical trials are conducted in various stages ranging from the first stage to the third stage of phase.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Phases of Preclinical Trials in Drug Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Each phase has distinct characteristics, activities and requirements as defined by the regulatory bodies. Apart from determining the effectiveness of the drug, pre-clinical trials are conducted to establish any side effects of the new drugs that may cause harm to individuals (Mulay, 2001). In other words, pre-clinical trials are con ducted to ascertain the effectiveness, mode of application as well as other clinical aspects of the drug before its administration. Preclinical trial phases in drug development In most countries, pre-clinical trials are conducted in three stages or phases. In the first phase, clinical trials are conducted in order to observe the behavior of the new drug in a small sample. In essence, the experiments are conducted using a small population to prove various assertions as well as to establish some aspects of clinical practices during the administration of the drug (Hackshaw, 2011). In addition, the findings in the first phase inform the procedures as well as activities in the subsequent phases. In other words, some aspects in phase two and three are based on the findings of the first phase. In the second phase, further trials are conducted to provide more data particularly on the safety of the new drug and the way it work to treat the target disease (Mulay, 2001). The second phase estab lishes the pharmacological processes as well as the side effects of the drug. In the final phase, the pre-clinical trials are conducted in a larger sample and compare the effects of the drug on the experiment and the standard effect or treatment. The procedure and activities in the third phase is almost a repetition of the first phase. However, the population used for the trials in the third phase is large. In fact, the researchers and medical practitioners conduct the pre-clinical trials through elaborate experimental processes designed to examine the effect of the drug on the subjects as well as the changes in the behavior due to the effects of the new drug (Hackshaw, 2011). Every phase in the preclinical trials is intended to give diverse data concerning the treatment process of the new drug. The information required includes, safety, working processes as well as the doses (Spilker, 2000). In essence, preclinical trials are intended to provide more information on the laboratory p roof of the underlying hypothesis concerning the application of new drug and treatment processes.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, before the preclinical trials, the new drug is subjected to the laboratory tests to prove the underlying hypothesis. The laboratory experiments involve testing of theoretical hypothesis on the drug formulation (Mulay, 2001). The laboratory process is always an elaborate process and takes several years to turn theoretical concept into practical treatment. The laboratory experimentations confirm the effectiveness of the new drug. The pre-clinical trials are based on the results from the laboratory experimentations. Similarities and differences in the first and the third phases in the preclinical trials As indicated, the first and the third phase are similar in many cases. However, the differences also exist in many fronts. T he main aim in the first phase of preclinical trial involves establishing the safety of consumption of new drug (Spilker, 2000). The first phase follows the laboratory experimentation process. Therefore, the first phase in the preclinical trials is conducted on individuals. The procedures in establishing the effectiveness of the drug in the first phase are similar to the procedures in the third phase. In proving such drugs or treatment, the doctors carry out activities ranging from amassing statistics on the dose, timing as well as the wellbeing of the treatment. The involvements of people in the first phase of preclinical trials enable first-hand treatment or the amalgamation of various therapies (Spilker, 2000). The activities involved in the first phase of preclinical trials involve the steady amplification of the prescribed amount of drug under study. The gradual increase in the dosage known as dose escalation enables the dosage that produces optimal results without causing hars h side effects. In the process, the patients are initially administered with smaller amounts of the drug dosage (Hackshaw, 2011). In most cases, side effects are not observed in the first administration of the drug to a patient. The drug has to be applied to several patients in order to establish the side effects. Also included in the first phase of preclinical trials is the method of administering the drug. Investigators establish if the drug is administered orally or injected into the bloodstream. In addition, the fisrt phase establishes the reactions of the drug in the body including the way the drug spread into the body. The prescribed procedures are similar to the third phase and the only difference is the population of the patients being used. The performances of the first phase of preclinical trials are estimated to last for about a year. In addition, the first phase of preclinical trials often encompasses a minimal number of participants ranging from ten to twenty a distinct ive difference with other phases. Further, the first phase offer treatment to individuals’ diseases working against the preceding therapies (Mulay, 2001). In contrast, the third phase of preclinical trials aims are to undertake comparison measures between the latest therapies portraying potential outcomes when administered to a small number of patients exhibiting a particular ailment and the contemporary care standards of the explicit malady (Hackshaw, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Phases of Preclinical Trials in Drug Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the third phase involves gathering of data from a large figure of patients. As a result, the doctors are capable of establishing the effectiveness of the new drug as well as the extent of its side effects on the patients compared to the current standards. Another important aspect of the third phase of preclinical trials is that the experiments are often carried out as random trials. In essence, investigations on the standard application of the drug are conducted unevenly. Further, the third phase of clinical trials not only focus on the patients with a specific malady, but also encompass patients of diverse ages, ethnicities and both sexes thereby producing results applicable for a large population sample (Hackshaw, 2011). Given the long timeline in the third phase of clinical trials, large sample or population is required to complete the investigation. In most cases, the sample range between seven hundred to two thousand participants. Moreover, the success of the drug in the third phase preclinical trial leads to the application to the approval of the drug by the authorized bodies such as Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The approval of the drug due the successes in the preclinical trials shows that the drug can be administered for a precise use. Investigator brochure The IB (Investigatorâ€⠄¢s Brochure) is an all-inclusive document in drug development. Actually, during the drug preclinical trials, the manuscript sums up the body of info acquired in the study. Once the IB is obtained, it is modernized with fresh information. Throughout the entire procedure of drug development, the document (IB) is critically significant (Hackshaw, 2011). The human areas under discussion gathered in preclinical and clinical trials in study of drugs gets Investigator’s Brochure relevant when compiling data. All through the clinical trials, the investigators obtain essential insights from the IB for the administration of study subjects and study conducts (Hackshaw, 2011). The clinical trial protocol with protection measures and key aspects are set up by the investigator’s brochure. The key aspects may encompass, safety-monitoring procedures, techniques of administration, frequency and dosing intervals, as well as study of drugs. On the other hand, an IB helps the investigato r to clearly comprehend the safety measures, observations, specified examination, adverse reactions, and any possible risks accruing during the clinical trials (Mulay, 2001). In brief, the brochure is a guide and an abstract for the segment of the investigator.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The background knowledge in pharmaceuticals is critical in the investigation process during the third phase of preclinical trials. Moreover, based on the pharmacology and previous human experience of the investigational products, a clinical investigator should be in custody of the guidance (Mulay, 2001). The guide should consider treatment and identification of undesirable drug reaction and probable overdose. The information on the IB must be kept updated through a responsible sponsor. Contents of the investigator brochure in stage one of the product developments The investigator brochure explains all the activities taking place in the first phase of the product development. The brochure explains in details the required insights for the management and conduct of the investigators at the preclinical trials (Spilker, 2000). In addition, the brochure explains the study subjects as well as the effects of the drug throughout the first phase of the preclinical process. The information inc ludes the name of the drug, the development process, the way it works as well as the formula (Spilker, 2000). The specified data regarding the drug are obtained from the results of the laboratory tests. In essence, the investigator brochure in phase one will contain more information about the product. Further, the investigator brochure provides the investigator a summary of the information that guides the trials as well as possible risks and uncertainties that may be encountered during the study (Mulay, 2001). In fact, the brochure will provide the dose development procedure and the characteristics of the subjects that were used in the first phase of preclinical trial. In addition, the brochure will have detailed information regarding the potential risks or the adverse effects of the drug (Spilker, 2000). Moreover, the information concerning the use of the drug, whether in combination or applied singly will also be contained in the first phase investigator brochure. In the dose data , the brochure will provide more information on dose escalations and the observed side effects. Since the first phase is critical in the product development, the investigator brochure will contain more information that provides insights in the application of the drug (Hackshaw, 2011). Moreover, information concerning the drug administration will also be contained on the brochure. In addition, the investigator brochure also indicates how the side effects should be treated. In other words, the investigator brochure contains details on the possible side effects and the manner in which such adverse effects should be countered (Hackshaw, 2011). All the information in the brochure is based on the procedure provided and the results obtained from the trials. In the first phase of the product development, the investigator brochure provides direction on the identification and management on the negative effects of the drug. Conclusion The development of new drug undergoes various stages before being authorized to be used. The phase includes preclinical trials, which are conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of the drug. The preclinical trials are in phases. The first phase of preclinical trials tests the effectiveness and behavior differences of the subjects due to the administration of the new drug in a small sample. Similar aims and procedures are conducted in phase three. However, the third phase requires a large population. The major difference between phase one and phase three is the sample population where the third phase applies the larger sample population. The investigator brochure is critical in the provision of information during the preclinical trials. Specific to first phase of the preclinical trial, the investigator brochure provide the information concerning the new drug. Besides the product information and the investigation procedures, the first phase investigator brochure contains the information concerning the doses, timings as well as the safety of the product. References Hackshaw, A. (2011). A concise guide to clinical trials. Malden, MA: John Wiley Sons. Mulay, M. (2001). A step-by-step guide to clinical trials. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Spilker, B. (2000). Guide to clinical trials. Philadelphia: Raven Press.